We present an overview of the PUBMED literature in the field as well as recent work from our laboratories. In some instances, this can be quite precise and allows the characteristics of stem cells to be studied. In this model, the basement membrane (BM) modulates the self-renewal and proliferative abilities of stem cells and their progeny based on the its composition and structure. eCollection 2020. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Epithelial Stem Cells: Turning over New Leaves. Cell Sci. A number of these cells are stem cells, but the majority are transit amplifying cells. Intestinal epithelial cells show remarkable plasticity in regenerating the epithelium following radiation injury. Ionizing radiation targets mitotic cells that include “active” ISCs and progenitor cells. Injury and disease can result in a defi-ciency of these stem cells, the vision affecting condition called limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) in which the cor-nea becomes opaque, vascularized, and inflamed. | 2019 Apr 12;7:53. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00053. This review will focus on corneal epithelial stem cells in ocular surface repair and regeneration. Epithelial stem cells are specified during development and are controlled by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Epithelial cells line various surfaces of the body, including the skin, blood vessels, organs, and urinary tract. Blue arrows=stratification of terminally differentiating cells. The DNA demethylating agent, 5-Azacytidine (5Aza), and histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid (Vpa), can improve the reprogramming efficiencies of pluripotent cells. 1980;8:837–44. Burn injuries, especially severe ones, are proving to have devastating effects on the affected patients. Recently, human-induced pluripotent stem cells have allowed the generation of minicorneal organoids. Results obtained by various laboratories suggest that the extracellular matrix plays a central role in regulating stem cell commitment, corneal differentiation, and participation in corneal wound healing, in addition to other environmental signals such as cytokines and growth factors. A number of these cells are stem cells, but the majority are transit amplifying cells. 1963;197:452–4. We also discuss genetic studies that have helped to elucidate those signals important for progenitor cells to differentiate into one of the specialized intestinal epithelial cell types. From this, the nanoscale patterns would be effective environment for the co-culturing of epithelial and mesenchymal cell types. We review literature that collectively suggests that BCs of human airways, like those in the mouse trachea, are a population of long-lived, multipotent classical stem cells. To facilitate study of oncogenic KRAS-induced changes, we analyzed data from an early-stage Kras G12D GEMM, in-vitro-induced Kras G12D alveolar epithelial progenitor (AT2) cell-derived murine lung organoids, in-vitro-induced KRAS G12D human lung organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and lesions from stage IA LUAD patients, all at single-cell resolution. In particular, pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSCs) are functionally important during tumor relapse and therapy resistance. 2019 Oct;187:107767. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107767. This information may provide potential therapeutic strategies to prevent EMT and trigger CSC growth inhibition and cell death. Although current cancer models prove useful, they have major limitations. Exp Hematol. 2009 Jan;75(1):54-66. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.20671. 2008 May;44(5):469-72. 1960;13:115–25. The role of epithelial stem cells during wound healing is not limited to regenerating stratified epidermis. Epithelial stem cells are routinely exposed to inflammatory stimuli ranging from microbes, virus, injury and environmental factors. Epub 2007 Sep 2. The niche could define cell division patterns in corneal stem cell populations, establishing whether stem cells divide asymmetrically or symmetrically. 2, A and B). Differentiation leads to the expression of the terminal phenotype. The second hypothesis supports the concept that any tubular epithelial cell can adapt a transient regenerative phenotype as a common reaction to injury [termed here: scattered tubular cell (STC) phenotype]. Would you like email updates of new search results? Front Cell Dev Biol. Conversely, the stem cell could originate another stem cell and a limbal suprabasal differentiated cell when division takes place following the vertical axis; in this case, loss of contact between one of the daughter cells and the basement membrane would determine the initiation of the differentiation process. In this review, we explore the regenerative capacity and mechanisms of various populations of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in response to ionizing radiation. Today, it is known that the cornea has at least two types of stem cells: limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) and corneal stromal stem cells (CSSCs). These processes mostly overlap with the acquirement of stem cell properties in differentiated tumor cells. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Epithelial stem cells retain a memory of inflammation. Ambiguous cells: the emergence of the stem cell concept in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Currently, human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) derived from the amnion exhibit considerable advantages over other stem cells and have drawn much attention from researchers. From the Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del … White arrows indicate the movement of cells after commitment. Kawakita T, Higa K, Shimmura S, Tomita M, Tsubota K, Shimazaki J. REVIEW Open Access Lung epithelial stem cells and their niches: Fgf10 takes center stage Thomas Volckaert1,2,3 and Stijn De Langhe1,4* Abstract Throughout life adult animals crucially depend on stem cell populations to maintain and repair their tissues to ensure life-long organ function. Epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible biological process that occurs in epithelial cells. In this case, basal cells that initiate the expression of the terminal phenotype divide with a vertically oriented mitotic spindle. Yueyin Pan1,2 and Xudong Huang2. 2020 Jul 20;2020:8813447. doi: 10.1155/2020/8813447. Eye (Lond). These two epithelia are maintained by different stem cell populations (limbal stem cells for the corneal epithelium and the conjunctival epithelial stem cells). STEM CELLS is read and written by clinical and basic scientists whose expertise encompasses the rapidly expanding fields of stem and progenitor cell biology. eCollection 2019. The epithelial part of the mammary gland comprises two main cell types, the basal myoepithelial cells and the luminal cells, which can differentiate either into ductal cells or milk-producing alveolar cells (Fig. These limbal ste … 13 years of cultured limbal epithelial cell therapy: a review of the outcomes J Cell Biochem. hAECs are readily available, pose no ethical concerns, and have little risk of tumorigenicity and immunogenicity. -, Becker AJ, McCulloch EA, Till JE. Cells cultured from the bulge also have a higher clonogenic potential than interfollicular cells ( 17 ). Putative epithelial stem cells were identified in the hair follicle bulge as quiescent “label retaining cells”. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Most epithelial tissues self-renew throughout adult life due to the presence of multipotent stem cells and/or unipotent progenitor cells. We show that differentiated NECs are a suitable model for studying the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, and that the immune response from infected NECs is surprisingly limited. In this review, The current understanding of the PCSCs, signaling pathways regulating these cells, PDAC heterogeneity, EMT mechanism, and links between EMT and metastasis in PCSCs are summarised. Epithelial stem cells can generate tissues that display a fascinating array of cellular architectures, each of which are specifically tailored for distinct functions (Figure 1). This high cell turnover makes it a very attractive and comprehensive adult organ system for the study of cell proliferation and differentiation. In stem cell: Epithelial stem cells The epidermis of the skin contains layers of cells called keratinocytes. Stem cells are very important in the maintenance of our bodies' tissues and organs. EMT ultimately leads to the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype, characterized by increased cell motility and resistance to genotoxic agents. The current knowledge of stem cell biology in the corneal epithelium, clinical consequences of stem cell deficiency, and therapeutic strategies aimed at reversing stem cell deficiency will be discussed. Evidence includes results that support the presence of corneal epithelial stem cells at the limbus, as well as the major obstacles to isolating them as pure cell populations. A: stochastic model shows that every cell has the potential to be the tumor initiator; B: CSC model shows that CSCs originate from normal stem cells (NSCs) through mutations and tumorigenic transformation of several potential pathways including Hh: hedgehog, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the reverse process mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). 4.1). Exp Eye Res. Blanpain and Fuchs review how different populations of naturally lineage-restricted epithelial stem cells and committed progenitors can also display remarkable plasticity. Yueyin Pan 1,2 and Xudong Huang 2. The study of these cells was hindered until the identification of bulge cell molecular markers, such as CD34 expression and K15 promoter activity. Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Dietrich T, Saito K, Sorokin L, Sasaki T, Paulsson M, Kruse FE. epithelial sheet with normal structure and function. ReviewEpithelial Stem Cells: Turning over New Leaves. In this review, we discuss fundamental characteristics of different stem cell populations within the skin and how they are able to contribute to normal skin homeostasis. Schematic representation of the limbal epithelial crypt. Review Cancer Stem Cells ... of cell plasticity, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, as well as the reverse transition (mesenchymal-to-epithelial), has been extensively related to cancer progression [19,20]. ALTERNATIVE STEM CELL SOURCESCultured oral mucosal epithelial stem cells have already been used for the treatment of LESC deficiency in patients, a procedure called COMET (cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation). Characterization of extracellular matrix components in the limbal epithelial stem cell compartment. 114, 3865-3872). This review focuses on the role of corneal and limbal epithelial cells and the stem cell niche in maintaining corneal avascularity and corneal immune privilege and how this may be deregulated following UV exposure. Part of this review describes the variation in the basement membrane composition between the limbus and the central cornea, to show the importance of the corneal stem cell niche, its structure, and the participation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in regulating corneal stem cell compartment. -, Barak Y, Karov Y, Levin S, Soroker N, Barash A, Lancet M, Nir E. Granulocyte-macrophage colonies in cultures of human fetal liver cells: morphologic and ultrastructural analysis of proliferation and differentiation. Only the basal layer, next to the dermis, contains cells that divide. During an inflammatory response, inflammation-induced transcription factors facilitate chromatin remodeling resulting in increased chromatin accessibility. These markers, aside from c-kit in MOVCAR 7, did not add to the consistent SP phenotype and Bcrp1 immunostaining they have observed in identifying putative ovarian CSCs in both the mouse and human [ 41 ]. 2007 Dec;85(6):845-60. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.08.020. Correspondence to: F. Castro-Muñozledo, Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN., Apdo. 2011;65:359–78. Federico Castro-Muñozledo. NIH These studies describe a genetic hierarchy responsible for cell fate commitment in normal gut physiology. Exp Eye Res. Review: Corneal epithelial stem cells, their niche and wound healing Federico Castro-Muñozledo From the Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, México Stem cells emerged as a concept during the second half of 19 th century, first as a theoretical entity, but then became one of the most promising research fields in cell biology. The versatility of epithelial stem cells. -, McCulloch EA, Till JE. Injury and disease can result in a deficiency of these stem cells, the vision affecting condition called limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) in which the cornea becomes opaque, vascularized, and inflamed. The mammalian intestine is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells that is renewed every 4–5 days. Pharm Res. From the Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City, México. In this review, we provide an update on our understanding of these epithelia and their stem cells systems, including embryology, new markers, and controversy around the location of these stem cells. 2019 Jul;184:107-125. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.04.010. Dermal papilla (DP) cells are recognized as the key inductive mesenchymal player, but the ideal source of receptive keratinocytes for human HF regeneration is yet to be defined. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.014. During pregnancy, the mammary gland further expands and differentiates into milk-producing cells. Part of this review describes the variation in the basement membrane composition between the limbus and the central cornea, to show the importance of the corneal stem cell niche, its structure, and the participation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in regulating corneal stem cell … Stem cells emerged as a concept during the second half of 19(th) century, first as a theoretical entity, but then became one of the most promising research fields in cell biology. The Expression and Possible Functions of Tenascin-W During Development and Disease. By studying regenerative response in large cutaneous wounds, our laboratory uncovered that epithelial cells in the center of the wound can acquire greater morphogenetic plasticity and, together with the underlying wound dermis, can engage in an embryonic-like process of hair follicle neogenesis. The extracellular matrix composition and structure may regulate limbal stem cell fate providing information about their position. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Epithelial Stem Cells: Turning over New Leaves Most epithelial tissues self-renew throughout adult life due to the presence of multipotent stem cells and/or unipotent progenitor cells. The extracellular matrix composition and structure…, NLM Epub 2019 Aug 19. Understanding epithelial stem cell biology has major clinical implications for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of human diseases, as well as for regenerative medicine. Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) are a population of stem cells responsible for maintenance and repair of the corneal surface. We provide evidence that they are important in the initiation and progression of airway disease, and a potential point of intervention for future therapies. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Lung epithelial cell culture developed in parallel to cell culture in general, and tissues from many mammalian species have been used as a source of cells both historically and currently. This concept is based mainly on the fact that regenerating cells express stem cell markers and acquire stem cell-like properties in vitro such as sphere formation or multipotency. Our current knowledge of the stem cell population in murine epidermis and small intestinal crypts is reviewed. Nevertheless, compared to other stem cell examples, relatively little is known about the limbal niche, which is believed to play a pivotal role in regulating self-renewal and fate decision of limbal epithelial stem cells. The surface of the cornea is composed of an epithelium which is renewed by stem cells located at the periphery of the cornea, a region known as the limbus. Other articles where Epithelial stem cell is discussed: stem cell: Epithelial stem cells: The epidermis of the skin contains layers of cells called keratinocytes. The IFE and its appendages interact with the dermis, which is rich with connective tissue and a multitude of cells that confer structure and function to the epithelial cells (Fig. The radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells, determined by quantitative marrow transplantation into irradiated mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. The discovery of cancer stem cells and tumor heterogeneity prompted the exploration of additional mechanisms aside from genetic mutations for carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Stem cells and their progeny proliferate by horizontal, symmetric mitosis; in contrast, asymmetric cell division occurs only in cells that start stratifying and expressing the terminal phenotype. Tumorigenicity and immunogenicity promoter activity covered by a single layer of epithelial progenitor cell,! 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